Pop Culture Advertisement for Lynx Shower Gel Essay

Pop Culture Advertisement for Lynx Shower Gel - Essay Example The product featured is in a small blue bottle with a black lid and its name inscribed in white against black is placed on the bottom in the right side. The caption reads: â€Å"LYNX Shower Gel. Get Dirty.† The setting implies a bathroom and has overtones of kinky sex which is used as an excuse for the Shower Gel product, which is supposed to serve as a sex appeal embellishment. The impact of the advertisement is based solely on its ostensibly clever message through the striking image that begs a second look. However, a deeper analysis will reveal the fallacies on which it depends and tries to communicate. It does not make any attempt to feature the functional advantages the product has over similar products in the market. It takes for granted the new-age notions of advertising for the youth that no information regarding the product’s chemical composition or explanation on why it would be a perfect choice is needed as long as the brand name imposes its power over the customers. Moreover, the advertisement seems to be based on the false assumption that attention from women bothers its prospective customers – men in this case – of all age groups and personal sexual choices. Though it could be assumed that the product aims at the youth as its customers, the advertisement restricts its appeal as it addresses only the heterosexual youth. It a lso assumes that the representation of the female body in an exotic setting catches the eye of all its customers. It could be argued that the popular advertisement culture has, in fact, made the female body a marketing tool, and this advertisement just follows the status quo. But a logical analysis will reveal that it fails to establish a pertinent relationship between the product and the image presented. The intended pun in the caption â€Å"Get Dirty† reiterates the sexual overtone which is already obvious through the image. But the implication is quite ambiguous.  Ã‚  

The Crucible Essay Example for Free

The Crucible Essay In The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, John Proctor shows his protagonist character by the respectable and honorable man he lives to be. In order to understand why John Proctor is the protagonist of the story, a definition of the word protagonist is indispensable. A protagonist is essentially the main character of a story, mostly known as the good character. The author spends most of his time on him, and usually the character changes or evolves during the course of the novel. The protagonist is frequently the hero of the novel and rivals with the minor ambitious character also known as the antagonist. With many complex characteristics, he is the center of the plot. Proctor has failed in his marriage, been accused of witchery, and concludes his life with forgiveness. Proctor exemplifies true heroism in his acts of clamorous times. As Proctor’s truths of adultery are revealed, he settles these rumors with claiming that it is truthful. John Proctor is most likely the true protagonist. In the Crucible, Abigail Williams is portrayed as the antagonist of the allegory. Proctor cheats on his wife, Elizabeth, with Abigail while Elizabeth is ill. The story proceeds with Abigail becoming jealous and desiring John for herself. John shows that he regrets his affair by stating to Abigail, I will cut my arms off before I ever reach for you again. The focus of this sequence of events is how John deals with this situation. The Crucible literally means a hard test. His test is to overcome his troubles in his marriage and society. Society at this time is accusing its people of witchery. John works through his marriage problems and stumbles upon false accusations. As Abigail creates chaos throughout the town, the idea of witches has spread too. Proctor is accused of being a witch. He was chosen to be accused by the author because he is the protagonist. The focus is mainly on his life and his family. He chooses the right thing as he goes through the trials. He admits to his adultery with Abigail to prove that she lies. Proctor realizes what he has to do to save his wife. He is a hero by admitting his wrong doings and confessing his sorrow for acting upon them. Proctor learns to forgive through these trials. John knows how to represent his beliefs and stand up for his rights through forgiveness. After he admits to his sin, he is told to write on the church door for what he did. He refuses to after already admitting his actions. Proctor did not want to put his family to shame even more. I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is fraud. Im not the man (Act 4, pg.109) He knows that God knows and forgives but he shall not exploit it for others to judge and assume. Proctor concludes his life being content with the final decision he has made. He shows that he is a hero to his family and neighbors. John Proctor shows many characteristics of a protagonist. He is a hero to many as he risks his life because he knows he believes in God. The story focuses on his marriage and the aftermath of the direction of his wrong doings. Often the novel will focus mainly on the protagonist’s personal situation. Proctor is the main character as Abigail Williams serves as antagonists throughout the story. She fights to break down Proctor and make him love her. Proctor prevails by doing the morally correct action by confessing and sticking to his beliefs. John Proctor displays qualities of a heroic protagonist.

Song of Solomon Essay: Devotion and Protection -- Song Solomon essays

Devotion and Protection in Song of Solomon   Song of Solomon is a novel written by Toni Morrison. As research is done further, into the bible, the title refers to a book from the Old Testament. A major theme of the book in the bible is love. It is about honor and loyalty. This is similar to the theme of love and protection in the book by Toni Morrison. Three female characters that portray this best are: Pilate, Ruth, and Magdalene called Lena. In the book, they are women that try to protect the people they love from men in their family. In the bible, they hold similar roles of devotion to those that they love. In Song of Solomon, Pilate is a strong-willed and independent woman. The reason that Ruth goes to her, is to protect her child. The first time that Ruth needs help is because of the way that Macon maltreats her (125-6). She is scared of Pilate because of her abnormalities and what Macon has said about her(138). Ruth ignores h... ...chased from her body, she is seen as good by being faithful to Jesus and loving him to the end ( Mark 16:9). Through out Song of Solomon and the bible, these three characters hold similar roles and personalities to their counterparts. Pilate, Ruth, and Magdalene are characters that are devoted to those that they love and try to help and protect them from harm. As the Song of Solomon book in the bible, the women of the novel love and care for their family members.   

Bioethics :: essays research papers

Bioethics encompasses every ethical question relating and pertaining to medicine and the health of living things. Everything from pediatrics to nursing, from euthanasia to birth-pain killer, from the debate of abortion to the law of malpractice is covered by the term bioethics. Bioethics is a very broad, very extensive category of ethics. The concept of a separate set of ideas called bioethics first began in 1846. While it stayed very small, it did experience a resurgence after World War Two. This resurgence was mostly due to the vast array of war crimes committed by the Nazi?s with such tortures as human testing and mass murders. In the 1960?s, the United States had to give death a legal definition. Because of new life support technologies such as heart-lung machines and the lack of dialysis machines, people could now be kept alive artificially. If people weren?t keeping their selves alive, were they really alive at all? Whenever a new medicine or technology is developed for use in the health care community, bioethical questions are raised and answers are demanded and debated, and hopefully answered eventually. In past months, there has been much heated debate over many issues that bioethics encompass. The use of reproductive enhancing fertility drugs (viagra and hMG?s (human menopausal gonadotropins)) has recently been all over newspapers and television due the sudden outbreak of multiple births and cures for impotence. This new advancement in medicine has led to the questioning of the ethical issues surrounding such technologies. Some religions do not allow for such drugs to be used, and some do not believe that it is ?God?s will? to have children unless the person is naturally fertile. Many environmentalists see these new drugs as the end of humankind because of the damage that overpopulation will cause. The debate over fertility drugs is almost as heated as the discussion over abortion. Contraceptive devices have always been a source of disagreement for people since many hundreds of years ago. Up until the 1800?s, abortion was a common practice. In the late 1800?s abortion was criminalized until 1973, when the historic Rowe versus Wade case made abortion legal practice again. The use of such drugs as the French-developed RU-486, has been questioned by our own country?s Food and Drug Administration.

Educating Rita

New experiences often occur in the transition of coming ‘into the world’. People in society learn to experience growth and cope with change in the world and themselves. Willy Russell’s play Educating Rita, demonstrates different pathways between the two protagonists, Frank and Rita and there coming ‘into the world’ journey. In the play Willy Russell uses visual techniques such as: positioning, colouring, facial expression, and symbols. The use of these techniques has allowed the composer to portray a better understanding of the play Educating Rita and how it represents the message of coming ‘into the world’. write an essay quickly One of the main themes in Educating Rita is change. Rita want’s to move into a different world from where she grew up in. At the beginning of the play the audience comes to understand Rita changes her name from Susanne to Rita. This is significant as it shows an indication that she wants to transform herself, leaving her past behind her. Frank however becomes uncomfortable with the idea of being the mechanism of Rita’s change. The theme change is represented in the positioning of the two protagonists as it signifies both Frank and Rita as ‘coming into the world. The positioning of the characters shows Frank standing over Rita, distinctively reflecting the authority of Frank as he is the professor and the enthusiasm of Rita, as she is getting an education she is finding herself â€Å"See I don’t wanna a baby yet. See, I wanna discover myself first†. (Act one Pg. 12) This shows Rita coming ‘into the world’ as her transition of becoming educated helps her discover herself. Frank however has many questions, â€Å"what can I teach you? † (Act one Pg. 3) This displays Frank without authority as he is asking Rita what she wants to learn, meaning that even though Frank is educated it does not mean he has all the answers. The colouring of the visual text also expose the theme of change reveals a sense of coming ‘into the world’ as it shows Rita wearing blue, a bright coloured shirt, which shows the passion for her education. This relates to her experiences ‘coming into the world’ as Rita has experienced life without an education and is now becoming educated through help and knowledge of her professor Frank, she has come to terms with changing the outside you also need to change the inside. But if you want to change y’ have to do it from the inside, don’t y’? Know, like I’m doin’†. (Act one Pg. 11 This shows Rita wanting to change. Frank however is wearing a formal suit, dark and professional colours which demonstrate to the audience that the image being portrayed is different to what his personality is. This is also showing that although Frank is dressed professionally he is still a drunk. Frank is teaching because he has to not because he wants to. This shows how his passion is not there. Frank does not experience a positive change throughout the play. He becomes less sober and more ‘pig headed’ â€Å" Rita: Do y’ need the money? Frank: I do as a matter of fact†. (Act one Pg. 4). Franks therefor is depicting that he is teaching Rita for the money, although Rita knows this she does not pay mind to it as she is getting an education she is happy. This shows both Frank and Rita coming ‘into the world’. Another theme that is relevant and used throughout the play to demonstrate ‘into the world’ is Social change. Rita feels as though she is socially disadvantaged as she is not educated with her working class neighbourhood. Her whole ego for an education was when her husband Denny, wanted to have a baby and she was looking for â€Å"a better way of livin’ me life. The use of facial expression is used in the visual text to portray feeling and a sense of understanding. Rita looking up at Frank shows her wanting him to understand how much she wants an education. This shows Rita maturing as a working class citizen. † Rita: But I had a choice. I chose me. Because of what youâ €™d given me I had a choice†. ( Act two Pg. 72) This quote shows Rita’s transition of coming ‘into the world. Franks facial expression is less enthusiastic. It shows him holding a book, portraying that Frank wants Rita to learn herself, backing up the play when he says he does not want to be the mould to Rita’s change. Although Frank understands Rita wants an education he does not understand why she wants one now. â€Å"Frank: But I don’t know what I want to tell you, Rita, I don’t know what I want to teach you. What you already have is valuable. † (Scene 1 Pg. 48). This shows Frank’s confusion towards Rita. Choices and consequences is another theme used in the play Educating Rita to show the transition of Frank and Rita coming ‘into the world’. Rita’s motivation is to achieve a direction in which she wants her life to follow. Rita’s main choice of an education is so she can make more informed choices. Frank is also having to make choices too. Rita decides for Frank that he is teaching her and that he is to return â€Å"next week†. Frank feels as though he has forced Rita into losing her touch with parts of herself which were unique and precious. Frank’s life is unsatisfying for him but unlike Rita he choses to do nothing about it. It is this choice he makes into him being sent to Australia at the end of the play. The use of symbols used in the visual text is used to demonstrate an understanding of the world around the two protagonists, Frank and Rita. The window is set behind the two characters but is significant as it is referred to a lot in the play. Rita always looking out of the window to the educated class of people sitting on the grass gives a certainty of her need to escape and to become educated. Frank however won’t give up drinking. He always has an alcoholic drink with him this shows he has a problem. Although Rita uses the window to escape, Frank uses it as a deception. He does not want to change he is satisfied with how he is. Frank does not accept change from choices that have been made. â€Å"Frank: No you’ve found a different song, that’s all- and on your lips it’s shrill and hollow and tuneless†. (Act two. Pg. 9) This quote showing the audience that Frank still has not changed from his morbid character at the beginning of the play till’ now. The visual text reveals Rita as an enthusiastic student who wants an education to change her life and her past choices. The text also reveals Frank of his consequences. Frank not being able to stay sober does not allow him to experience change throughout the transition of coming ‘into the world’, to his fullest potential. ‘Into the world’ discusses change and experiences throughout one’s life.. The play Educating Rita mostly supports this. Educating Rita New experiences often occur in the transition of coming ‘into the world’. People in society learn to experience growth and cope with change in the world and themselves. Willy Russell’s play Educating Rita, demonstrates different pathways between the two protagonists, Frank and Rita and there coming ‘into the world’ journey. In the play Willy Russell uses visual techniques such as: positioning, colouring, facial expression, and symbols. The use of these techniques has allowed the composer to portray a better understanding of the play Educating Rita and how it represents the message of coming ‘into the world’. write an essay quickly One of the main themes in Educating Rita is change. Rita want’s to move into a different world from where she grew up in. At the beginning of the play the audience comes to understand Rita changes her name from Susanne to Rita. This is significant as it shows an indication that she wants to transform herself, leaving her past behind her. Frank however becomes uncomfortable with the idea of being the mechanism of Rita’s change. The theme change is represented in the positioning of the two protagonists as it signifies both Frank and Rita as ‘coming into the world. The positioning of the characters shows Frank standing over Rita, distinctively reflecting the authority of Frank as he is the professor and the enthusiasm of Rita, as she is getting an education she is finding herself â€Å"See I don’t wanna a baby yet. See, I wanna discover myself first†. (Act one Pg. 12) This shows Rita coming ‘into the world’ as her transition of becoming educated helps her discover herself. Frank however has many questions, â€Å"what can I teach you? † (Act one Pg. 3) This displays Frank without authority as he is asking Rita what she wants to learn, meaning that even though Frank is educated it does not mean he has all the answers. The colouring of the visual text also expose the theme of change reveals a sense of coming ‘into the world’ as it shows Rita wearing blue, a bright coloured shirt, which shows the passion for her education. This relates to her experiences ‘coming into the world’ as Rita has experienced life without an education and is now becoming educated through help and knowledge of her professor Frank, she has come to terms with changing the outside you also need to change the inside. But if you want to change y’ have to do it from the inside, don’t y’? Know, like I’m doin’†. (Act one Pg. 11 This shows Rita wanting to change. Frank however is wearing a formal suit, dark and professional colours which demonstrate to the audience that the image being portrayed is different to what his personality is. This is also showing that although Frank is dressed professionally he is still a drunk. Frank is teaching because he has to not because he wants to. This shows how his passion is not there. Frank does not experience a positive change throughout the play. He becomes less sober and more ‘pig headed’ â€Å" Rita: Do y’ need the money? Frank: I do as a matter of fact†. (Act one Pg. 4). Franks therefor is depicting that he is teaching Rita for the money, although Rita knows this she does not pay mind to it as she is getting an education she is happy. This shows both Frank and Rita coming ‘into the world’. Another theme that is relevant and used throughout the play to demonstrate ‘into the world’ is Social change. Rita feels as though she is socially disadvantaged as she is not educated with her working class neighbourhood. Her whole ego for an education was when her husband Denny, wanted to have a baby and she was looking for â€Å"a better way of livin’ me life. The use of facial expression is used in the visual text to portray feeling and a sense of understanding. Rita looking up at Frank shows her wanting him to understand how much she wants an education. This shows Rita maturing as a working class citizen. † Rita: But I had a choice. I chose me. Because of what youâ €™d given me I had a choice†. ( Act two Pg. 72) This quote shows Rita’s transition of coming ‘into the world. Franks facial expression is less enthusiastic. It shows him holding a book, portraying that Frank wants Rita to learn herself, backing up the play when he says he does not want to be the mould to Rita’s change. Although Frank understands Rita wants an education he does not understand why she wants one now. â€Å"Frank: But I don’t know what I want to tell you, Rita, I don’t know what I want to teach you. What you already have is valuable. † (Scene 1 Pg. 48). This shows Frank’s confusion towards Rita. Choices and consequences is another theme used in the play Educating Rita to show the transition of Frank and Rita coming ‘into the world’. Rita’s motivation is to achieve a direction in which she wants her life to follow. Rita’s main choice of an education is so she can make more informed choices. Frank is also having to make choices too. Rita decides for Frank that he is teaching her and that he is to return â€Å"next week†. Frank feels as though he has forced Rita into losing her touch with parts of herself which were unique and precious. Frank’s life is unsatisfying for him but unlike Rita he choses to do nothing about it. It is this choice he makes into him being sent to Australia at the end of the play. The use of symbols used in the visual text is used to demonstrate an understanding of the world around the two protagonists, Frank and Rita. The window is set behind the two characters but is significant as it is referred to a lot in the play. Rita always looking out of the window to the educated class of people sitting on the grass gives a certainty of her need to escape and to become educated. Frank however won’t give up drinking. He always has an alcoholic drink with him this shows he has a problem. Although Rita uses the window to escape, Frank uses it as a deception. He does not want to change he is satisfied with how he is. Frank does not accept change from choices that have been made. â€Å"Frank: No you’ve found a different song, that’s all- and on your lips it’s shrill and hollow and tuneless†. (Act two. Pg. 9) This quote showing the audience that Frank still has not changed from his morbid character at the beginning of the play till’ now. The visual text reveals Rita as an enthusiastic student who wants an education to change her life and her past choices. The text also reveals Frank of his consequences. Frank not being able to stay sober does not allow him to experience change throughout the transition of coming ‘into the world’, to his fullest potential. ‘Into the world’ discusses change and experiences throughout one’s life.. The play Educating Rita mostly supports this. Educating Rita New experiences often occur in the transition of coming ‘into the world’. People in society learn to experience growth and cope with change in the world and themselves. Willy Russell’s play Educating Rita, demonstrates different pathways between the two protagonists, Frank and Rita and there coming ‘into the world’ journey. In the play Willy Russell uses visual techniques such as: positioning, colouring, facial expression, and symbols. The use of these techniques has allowed the composer to portray a better understanding of the play Educating Rita and how it represents the message of coming ‘into the world’. write an essay quickly One of the main themes in Educating Rita is change. Rita want’s to move into a different world from where she grew up in. At the beginning of the play the audience comes to understand Rita changes her name from Susanne to Rita. This is significant as it shows an indication that she wants to transform herself, leaving her past behind her. Frank however becomes uncomfortable with the idea of being the mechanism of Rita’s change. The theme change is represented in the positioning of the two protagonists as it signifies both Frank and Rita as ‘coming into the world. The positioning of the characters shows Frank standing over Rita, distinctively reflecting the authority of Frank as he is the professor and the enthusiasm of Rita, as she is getting an education she is finding herself â€Å"See I don’t wanna a baby yet. See, I wanna discover myself first†. (Act one Pg. 12) This shows Rita coming ‘into the world’ as her transition of becoming educated helps her discover herself. Frank however has many questions, â€Å"what can I teach you? † (Act one Pg. 3) This displays Frank without authority as he is asking Rita what she wants to learn, meaning that even though Frank is educated it does not mean he has all the answers. The colouring of the visual text also expose the theme of change reveals a sense of coming ‘into the world’ as it shows Rita wearing blue, a bright coloured shirt, which shows the passion for her education. This relates to her experiences ‘coming into the world’ as Rita has experienced life without an education and is now becoming educated through help and knowledge of her professor Frank, she has come to terms with changing the outside you also need to change the inside. But if you want to change y’ have to do it from the inside, don’t y’? Know, like I’m doin’†. (Act one Pg. 11 This shows Rita wanting to change. Frank however is wearing a formal suit, dark and professional colours which demonstrate to the audience that the image being portrayed is different to what his personality is. This is also showing that although Frank is dressed professionally he is still a drunk. Frank is teaching because he has to not because he wants to. This shows how his passion is not there. Frank does not experience a positive change throughout the play. He becomes less sober and more ‘pig headed’ â€Å" Rita: Do y’ need the money? Frank: I do as a matter of fact†. (Act one Pg. 4). Franks therefor is depicting that he is teaching Rita for the money, although Rita knows this she does not pay mind to it as she is getting an education she is happy. This shows both Frank and Rita coming ‘into the world’. Another theme that is relevant and used throughout the play to demonstrate ‘into the world’ is Social change. Rita feels as though she is socially disadvantaged as she is not educated with her working class neighbourhood. Her whole ego for an education was when her husband Denny, wanted to have a baby and she was looking for â€Å"a better way of livin’ me life. The use of facial expression is used in the visual text to portray feeling and a sense of understanding. Rita looking up at Frank shows her wanting him to understand how much she wants an education. This shows Rita maturing as a working class citizen. † Rita: But I had a choice. I chose me. Because of what youâ €™d given me I had a choice†. ( Act two Pg. 72) This quote shows Rita’s transition of coming ‘into the world. Franks facial expression is less enthusiastic. It shows him holding a book, portraying that Frank wants Rita to learn herself, backing up the play when he says he does not want to be the mould to Rita’s change. Although Frank understands Rita wants an education he does not understand why she wants one now. â€Å"Frank: But I don’t know what I want to tell you, Rita, I don’t know what I want to teach you. What you already have is valuable. † (Scene 1 Pg. 48). This shows Frank’s confusion towards Rita. Choices and consequences is another theme used in the play Educating Rita to show the transition of Frank and Rita coming ‘into the world’. Rita’s motivation is to achieve a direction in which she wants her life to follow. Rita’s main choice of an education is so she can make more informed choices. Frank is also having to make choices too. Rita decides for Frank that he is teaching her and that he is to return â€Å"next week†. Frank feels as though he has forced Rita into losing her touch with parts of herself which were unique and precious. Frank’s life is unsatisfying for him but unlike Rita he choses to do nothing about it. It is this choice he makes into him being sent to Australia at the end of the play. The use of symbols used in the visual text is used to demonstrate an understanding of the world around the two protagonists, Frank and Rita. The window is set behind the two characters but is significant as it is referred to a lot in the play. Rita always looking out of the window to the educated class of people sitting on the grass gives a certainty of her need to escape and to become educated. Frank however won’t give up drinking. He always has an alcoholic drink with him this shows he has a problem. Although Rita uses the window to escape, Frank uses it as a deception. He does not want to change he is satisfied with how he is. Frank does not accept change from choices that have been made. â€Å"Frank: No you’ve found a different song, that’s all- and on your lips it’s shrill and hollow and tuneless†. (Act two. Pg. 9) This quote showing the audience that Frank still has not changed from his morbid character at the beginning of the play till’ now. The visual text reveals Rita as an enthusiastic student who wants an education to change her life and her past choices. The text also reveals Frank of his consequences. Frank not being able to stay sober does not allow him to experience change throughout the transition of coming ‘into the world’, to his fullest potential. ‘Into the world’ discusses change and experiences throughout one’s life.. The play Educating Rita mostly supports this.

Marketing Paper

Marketing Paper Marketing Paper LVMH Moet Hennessy-Louis Vuitton SA is an empire of over sixty upscale refined brands. This luxury focused company sold over twenty-four billion in 2008. Trying to sell you a dream, the status quo, or just a quality product this company can attend to your finer needs. Comprised of a vast selection of high-end goods such as: Fashion and Leather, Perfume and Cosmetics, Wine and Spirits, Selective Retailing, and Watches and Jewelry. This company and all of subsidiaries are not concerned with average America. The 47% are not even thought of or brought up in meetings except how to keep their products out of their hands. Meaning these products are meant to make you feel elite, superior, and of worth. These products are highly counterfeited around the world and sold at average prices for average people not what Bernard Arnault wants. Spending over ten million annually just to keep them out of their hands. If you want it, buy it but buy the real thing it will make you feel much better than trying to be fashionable and fake. It also destroys the brands reputation when some trashy looking girl with no makeup in sweat pants, stained shirt, gas-station sunglasses, buying off brand everything because she cares really nothing of quality just the look has a Louis Vuitton hand bag on her side. This is why market skimming is used as a pricing strategy. Price is half of reputation. People who are willing to buy unique product at a premium price are the ones being marketed too. The high pricing strategy limits the introduction of the product in the beginning making it more desirable hopefully to innovators and early adopters wanting to be the leading status quo of their network. In Japan and Hawaii prices are increased in peak times to increase profits whenever possible. In 2001 when the market didn’t look good with interest rates at all time lows and the stock market looking gloomy Louis Vuitton increased prices. Why? To make themselves desirable to let people make sure that they know this is luxury, this is your status quo and that they know you will buy it if you have the money whether you have to save or just have the money lying around because you want to dream because everyone wants to be something more than average. Playing a 90-second commercial on TV to inform people about Louis Vuitton new corporate branding campaign to highlight the brand’s travel heritage was a wise move in my opinion. First off it’s a 90-second commercial, that’s three regular commercials. So obviously it costs more, it grabs your attention longer, and it’s like hanging a carrot in front of a horse to

Pete essays

Pete essays Peter Press Maravich is arguably one of the best basketball players ever to play the game. Born June 22, 1947 in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania where he learned to love basketball from his father, Press Maravich, who spent many hours teaching him the games most important fundamentals. Maravich broke numerous records throughout his career. While in high school he scored 47 points, more than any other player, in the North Carolina High School All-Star Game. He holds nearly every National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) scoring record at Louisiana State University (LSU) and was named a three-time All American in only three years in the NCAA. After a legendary college career at LSU, he played ten great seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), earning five trips to the NBA All-Star Game and one league scoring title. After his death, he was named to the NBAs Top 50 Greatest Players of All Time and was inducted to the Hall of Fame. I feel, as a player, for anyone to accom plish so much in such a short period of time is remarkable. During Maravichs career the three-point line was not yet a part of professional basketball, so he accomplished all this without the three point line. Maravich is without question one of the greatest offensive basketball players ever to play the game. Maravich got his nickname Pistol Pete from his father. Once referring to his style of shooting during his childhood and as a high school player, Pistol quickly developed into an offensive machine with great shooting, passing, and dribbling skills. He was said to be an offensive genius. According to Mike Flynn former rival of Pistols who played for the University of Kentucky and the Indiana Pacers, Pistol was one of the greatest offensive players Ive ever seen. I wouldnt say he was a pure shooter, as much as I would say he was a great scorer. I loved playing again...

Free Essays on Oleanna

in an attempt to belittle her. The anger and aggravation created by this also contributes to failure in communication; they both feel they are not given the opportunity to say what they need to. Phone calls also interrupt their discussion. All of these calls relate to John’s future purchase of a new house for his family. These calls intensify the tension between the characters, because they come at important moments in th... Free Essays on Oleanna Free Essays on Oleanna Oleanna In Oleanna, written by David Mamet, the problems that arise between John and Carol are the result of lack of communication. John’s phone calls, as well as the conversation with Carol are a great example of the John and Carol’s inability to carry on discussions. By failing to effectively communicate, the relationship between student and teacher collapses. Constant interruption, either by the characters or by the phone, contributes to communication problems. Carol’s questions are often interrupted by John’s response. These breaks and omissions occur through the repeated disruption of one character’s lines by the other character. For example: Carol: †¦I come from a different social†¦ John: †¦ev†¦ Carol: A different economic†¦ John: †¦Look: Carol: No. I: when I came to this school: John: Yes Quite†¦ (1.1798). The words â€Å"different†, â€Å"social†, and â€Å"economic† suggest that Carol feels she is disadvantaged due to her past circumstances. When Carol asserts that she is the one speaking, John continues to interrupt her with apologies for interrupting. Ironically, he repeatedly says he wishes to level with her. Carol’s lack of understanding also causes interruptions in the flow of conversation. When she does not know what a word means she interrupts John to ask for simpler terminology. When he gives her a synonym for the word in question Carol replies, â€Å"Then why can’t you use that word?† (2.1811). Carol certainly seems to think that he overuses big words in an attempt to belittle her. The anger and aggravation created by this also contributes to failure in communication; they both feel they are not given the opportunity to say what they need to. Phone calls also interrupt their discussion. All of these calls relate to John’s future purchase of a new house for his family. These calls intensify the tension between the characters, because they come at important moments in th...

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Abortion - Essay Example In many areas children are doing crimes and they are taking alcohol, drugs and in most of the cases in this situation children are under 14 to 21 only. At this age child will be more enthusiastic to do something new, and they want to know everything in this world, this is the age where child psychology will not be stable and what ever they feel good they do that only. At this stage they will do mistakes in their life. Minor child will unable to make a decision to carry a baby or to do abortion, at this situation they don’t consult the parents also; sometime they planned their career very well and their option will be to make abortion. Here they just aren’t spoiling their health but also career. Some argue the legalization of abortion should be considered as a society-endorsed murder, it must stop. Minors are not mature to make decision about abortions, parents has to guide them on right way. In schools and colleges government has to conduct seminars about improper abortions to aware of illegal abortions and improper sexual interaction. This type awareness is must for people in the society. Government has passed a rule that when teen abortions are done, parental approval is must, at what circumstances having an abortion, etc. In the world woman’s most important and gifted function is to give birth to a child. And women have the right to make decisions that involve the birth of her child. To ban abortions or not is still a debate and reasonably the argument should go on as the outcome will decide whether to kill a child legally or spare him/her. Most of the women aren’t ready to be mothers, in some situations they chose to go for the abortion, putting their own future at risk and they go for unsafe and expensive procedures. Irrespective of their race, religion & class women were not seen as women in the society in the beginning of this century. The woman, often conceived and the childbirth have become

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research Paper Example The youth will opt to join this rebel groups and get a source of income no matter how low instead of having nothing. This leads to the growth of rebel groups that cause chaos and fight against the government’s regime causing political instability. Higher rates of youth unemployment lead to higher chances of rebel groups forming and rising against the government. Poverty has been noted to breed violent character. Unemployed youth will often find themselves in a state of poverty. This will force them to do anything to gain access to the resources they require such food, shelter, clothing, and money. Areas that portray high rate of youth unemployment also show an increase in crime. Unemployed youth will turn to robbery and looting to get what they do not have. This causes insecurity and unrest among the public and people will protest against the environment due to the insecurity. This can lead to political instability because people have lost faith in their governmentii. Unemployed youth look up to the government to create job opportunities for them. If the government fails to do this, the youth revolt and protest against the government for not being able to take care of the youths needs. This will lead to a need of overthrowing the government and putting into power people who will most likely look after the needs of the people. Many coups in history have taken place due to the people losing faith in their government. This leads to unrest and political instability. The labor market is directly related to youth unemploymentiii. If the labor market cannot absorb the sudden ‘youth bulge’, frustrations occur among the youth causing demonstrations and riots against the government. This will lead to disruption of economic activities and affect a country’s economical development. Employed people will also be affected and the whole country will generally move

Racial Profiling Goes Beyond Black and White by Polakow-Suransky, Essay

Racial Profiling Goes Beyond Black and White by Polakow-Suransky, (Pages.200-205) - Essay Example rican Americans, especially young males, are more likely than are whites to be involved in the commission of a crime.   Racial profiling is illegal but police are allowed to stop and search drivers if they have reason to believe that person may be in possession of drugs or weapons so therefore, this practice continues. Since September 11, 2001, law enforcement agencies around the country are practicing a new type of racial profiling which has the approval of most all citizens. It is referred to as ‘flying while Arab.’ â€Å"In the post-September 11 climate, ‘driving while black’ has become ‘flying while brown’† (204). Many cases have been reported where Arab, or ‘Arab looking’ Americans have been ordered to depart airplanes simply because their appearance was making some of the other passengers uneasy. Decisions regarding what person to hire, which people will be admitted and who will be detained by airport security as their suitcase is ransacked while they are trying to catch a plane is based upon characteristic generalities that are either observable or perceived. However, even when generalizations are statistically legitimate, they can be very erroneous in particular cases. For example, many black students are more prepared, scholastically speaking, to enter a university than many white students. Racial profiling is, by anyone’s definition, a rational method of discrimination. While most would have agreed prior to September 11, 2001 that racial discrimination is morally wrong and cannot be justified for any reason, those following the tragic events which killed more than 3000 Americans and the continued threat of terrorism has made this practice more palatable and even desirable. Had the terrorists that committed these acts not been of Arab descent, then the profiling of airplane passengers and the widespread fear of this particular ethnic group would not be a matter of discussion. Profiling Arabs is an easy sell to a country made up

Public sphere in Australia today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public sphere in Australia today - Essay Example Lower secondary starts at the 7th or 8th year and continue throughout the 10th year of education. The 7th during 9th years of education are known as "preparatory years." Towards the end of the 9th year, students may choose to abandon school or to continue to the 10th year. During the 10th year of education, students may abandon school with a School Leaving Certificate (SLC), in many situations provided by the individual school. Upper secondary consists of the 11th and 12th years of education. Instead of leaving school upon conclusion of the 10th grade, students may carry on for two extra years of education, upon conclusion of which students also get a SLC, provided by the school or by an external examining authority. Once attended almost exclusively by students going to university study, an increasing number of Australian students, irrespective of their plans for advanced study, are attaining the whole 12-year term. While some time ago, professional and scholastic secondary schools were mostly distinct institutes, the majority public secondary schools in Australia at present are "comprehensive high schools" Such schools offer programs both for university-bound students and for students who intend to do different jobs after leaving school or who will take up postsecondary technical or professional education. A number of public schools, on the other hand, maintain to offer only educational, college-introductory programs for students who are registered to the optional programs. Some advanced secondary schools offer agricultural or other education. Nearly all the students in Australia accomplish the 10th year of schooling and get a SLC. The number of students who carry on to the 12th year of education is about 71 % of all students all over the country in 1991. The majority of young students in Australia are registered in some kind of kindergarten program, although attendance is not obligatory. Nearly all states offer a "pre-Year 1" program, and both the government and private agencies offer other pre-school activities for the two years before the commencement of Year 1. School Governance & Finance In each Australian state, the education system is extremely centralized. The Education Ministry and a Director-General of Education administer the educational system. Of late, nevertheless, there has been a growing tendency to decentralize several organizational functions from the state level towards the local level. Governance The ministry of education exercises extensive power over schools all over the state. The states develop policies in the fields of schooling and teacher enrollment, teacher service, student registration, program content, course authorization and student appraisal. The education ministry hires and employs the teachers in government schools, construct buildings, equipment and materials, and grant subsidy for utilization by schools. Hence almost all

Teen Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teen Pregnancy - Essay Example And we've mentioned this entire thing, but haven't said anything about the mental and health side of such babies. (East & Felice, 1996) It is more likely that a child would have a mental disorder or some physical defect and so on. Well, teen's pregnancy and then parenthood is a significant problem of modern society. It has an impact on the success in career of the teen mothers but they are considered a burden to the rest of the nation, because they need social help and also the help of the parents of these extremely young mothers in bearing the child. It is in case the mother chooses to leave a baby to herself, but another way out for them is quite widespread - they just give the child to an orphan-asylum. There is an opinion that a significant reason of this problem is the older men who have sex with young girls. But this has no proof yet, because too little study was made on the topic. (East & Felice, 1996) Nowadays a tendency to declining of birth rate amongst teens is observed and this is due to increase of condom use and to abstinence. Many sexually active teenagers use double contraceptive: condoms with birth control pills. Also delay in having a sex plays a great role in teens' birth control. But the government and teachers all over the country is against the policy of promoting the contraceptives and think that the only right and suitable policy is promoting of abstinence. Following this policy teachers should promote the delay of sexual life beginning, and should declare on the lessons that premarital sex leads not only to unintended pregnancy but also to the S.T.D. (Rodriguez & Moore, 1995) But on the other hand, experts are against such teaching behavior, saying that it is wrong approach to protect teens and that they wouldn't follow this advice. The problem is that there are always teenagers who would not listen to it and wouldn't remain abstinent. In this case a promotion of contraceptives is necessary as a way of avoiding pregnancy and different diseases. If a youngster will hear only about abstinence or only the negative information about sex and contraceptives he is more likely not to use any protection at all. (Rodriguez & Moore, 1995) There was one American study which has shown that the teens who had promised not to have a sex until marriage and then had broken the promise and have unprotected sex and then become pregnant. The paradox is that those who don't declare virginity stay virgin much longer than those who do promise it. There is also another opinion that promoting abstinence and contraceptives at the same time is mixed information. Because this confuses the teens and the do not understand the attitude of the society to this sphere of life: they should do it with protection or they shouldn't do it at all. (Bissell, 2000, p. 191) One more thing is that teen girls can't define sex appropriately: the think oral and anal sex is OK if they couldn't become pregnant this way, and consider themselves virgins as they don't have a vaginal sex. So the meanings are very chaotic. (Bissell, 2000, p. 191) In 1996 a bill was approved by which the government gave

Public sphere in Australia today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public sphere in Australia today - Essay Example Lower secondary starts at the 7th or 8th year and continue throughout the 10th year of education. The 7th during 9th years of education are known as "preparatory years." Towards the end of the 9th year, students may choose to abandon school or to continue to the 10th year. During the 10th year of education, students may abandon school with a School Leaving Certificate (SLC), in many situations provided by the individual school. Upper secondary consists of the 11th and 12th years of education. Instead of leaving school upon conclusion of the 10th grade, students may carry on for two extra years of education, upon conclusion of which students also get a SLC, provided by the school or by an external examining authority. Once attended almost exclusively by students going to university study, an increasing number of Australian students, irrespective of their plans for advanced study, are attaining the whole 12-year term. While some time ago, professional and scholastic secondary schools were mostly distinct institutes, the majority public secondary schools in Australia at present are "comprehensive high schools" Such schools offer programs both for university-bound students and for students who intend to do different jobs after leaving school or who will take up postsecondary technical or professional education. A number of public schools, on the other hand, maintain to offer only educational, college-introductory programs for students who are registered to the optional programs. Some advanced secondary schools offer agricultural or other education. Nearly all the students in Australia accomplish the 10th year of schooling and get a SLC. The number of students who carry on to the 12th year of education is about 71 % of all students all over the country in 1991. The majority of young students in Australia are registered in some kind of kindergarten program, although attendance is not obligatory. Nearly all states offer a "pre-Year 1" program, and both the government and private agencies offer other pre-school activities for the two years before the commencement of Year 1. School Governance & Finance In each Australian state, the education system is extremely centralized. The Education Ministry and a Director-General of Education administer the educational system. Of late, nevertheless, there has been a growing tendency to decentralize several organizational functions from the state level towards the local level. Governance The ministry of education exercises extensive power over schools all over the state. The states develop policies in the fields of schooling and teacher enrollment, teacher service, student registration, program content, course authorization and student appraisal. The education ministry hires and employs the teachers in government schools, construct buildings, equipment and materials, and grant subsidy for utilization by schools. Hence almost all

Organization and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Organization and Communication - Essay Example There are employees who feel threatened when they work with other people who are different with age, sex or culture (White 1999, p.477) Also, it could affect the increase in terms of cost of training as the management may have to provide seminars, programs and lectures to counteract the negative effects of diversity in the workplace. The employees need to be taught of accepting the different personalities and ideas or thoughts of their colleagues as well as deal with conflicts (White 1999, p. 478). Another negative effect is that a group for instance may encounter reverse discrimination which usually surfaces due to affirmative action policies. This is common to white males who feel that they have been discriminated unfairly as a result of certain affirmative action policies employed by the management (Brunner, 2003). Increase in conflicts may also arise as a result of the diversity in the workplace. Ignorance is the common root of the conflicts due to some negative dynamics like ethnocentrism, stereotyping and culture clashes. When one feels to be more superior than others, there arises a conflict (White 1999, p. 4 78). There may also be an increase in turnover or absenteeism (White 1999, p. 479). Mismanaged diversity may give way to minority group and majority group. The members of the minority group could most of the time feel less valued as compared to their counterpart which because of stereotype, ethnocentrism and prejudice. The abilities and motivation in this instance could be inhibited which further affects their job performance (Goetz, 2001). Every people in the world has already suffered stress in their lives but until now, the word â€Å"stress† is not yet given its full definition and explanation of what it is all about. When people are asked how they define stress and what makes them stressed, different answers usually come out and different factors are given as to the causes thereof. Stress is one

Dance Elements Essay Example for Free

Dance Elements Essay Literal meaning of the word kathak is related to katha, the art of story-telling, â€Å"Katha Kahe So Kathaka Kahave†, which means â€Å"one who tells a story is a story-teller†. According to M. Monier Williams, Katha denotes conversation, story, speech, tale or fable. Katha also means to ‘ sing in praise’, ‘to say or inform something’. Thus, kathakars were originally a caste of story-tellers who were attached to temples in certain parts of Northern India. These kathakars used to go around the countryside narrating the stories of the Epics and other Legends. The modes employed were poetry, music and dance. All these three arts were closely inter-linked. The aim of kathaks was to educate the people in the knowledge of Gods and Mythological Legends. Historically kathak dates back to the Vedic period which are full of descriptions and stories which give us an insight into the mind of those who wrote or composed jthem. Kathak dance is evolved from religious and mythological concepts. In Ramayana period, we can see many glimpses of music and dance. The Ramayana tells the story of an ideal heroic prince Rama of Ayodhya and his devoted wife Sita. This ancient tale has been treasured and retold for countless generation in every Hindu house; they worshipped Rama as the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. In Ramayana we find a mention of recitors who were specialised in story-telling. Lava and Kusha, the two brave sons of Rama rendered Ramayana in verses composed by Sage Valmiki. While reciting the stories, they also added the element of acting-Abhinaya. From that time nomadic bards who narrated the Ramayana were known as ‘Kushilavas’. As a matter of fact, the term kushilavas has been associated with dancers and actors. Likewise, many mythological stories were depicted through gestures, postures and abhinaya. The another story of Ramayana which tells us that how Ravana, the king of Lanka worshipped Lord Shiva with song and dance. Also the story of Ravana assaulting Rambha, one of the main Apsaras. According to Kapila Vatsyayan, in Ramayana, the Apsaras are the most important mythological characters who danced and performed both in heaven and earth. There are various other instances like the stories of the grand act of breaking Shiva’s bow in â€Å"Sita Swayamvar†, the evil plotting of Kaikayee, the Banishment of Rama to a fourteen-year exile, Sita’s kidnapping by Ravana and the war that ensued leading to Rama’s victory and Sita’s rescue. Thus, Ramayana is rich in incident and moral concept. We come across many references to perfomances of dances from the Mahabharata. In this period, worship and adoration of Bramha, Vishnu and Mahesh started with music and dance. Krishna is the ‘Sutradhara’ (around whom the entire Mahabharata developed) and he was an expert dancer. The Mahabharata depicts episodes of Krishna’s life that how he is adopted and raised by a family of cowherds. The stories of his childhood of stealing butter and milkmaids known as â€Å"MakhanChori†. His dance of his youth with Radha and Braj narees is known as â€Å"Rasa Lila†. His spiritual love dance with Gopis or Milkmaids by the bank of Yamuna river in moonlit night is known as â€Å"MahaRaas†. The story of â€Å"Kaliya Daman† which tells us how Krishna defeated the poisonous snake Kaliya and danced on his hoods. The story of â€Å"Govardhan Dharan† which tells us how krishna picked and hold the Govardhan mountain to protect the people of Vrindavan from heavy rain. Another important episode of Mahabharata is known as â€Å"Vastraharan†, in which Krishna saves the honour of the Pandava Queen Draupadi. The story goes that Dushasana, one of the Kaurava brothers attempted to humilate her by disrobing her. Draupadi called out to Krishna to save her and miraculously, as layer after layer of her saree was pulled, the number of sarees went on increasing. This episode is a popular theme in Kathak dance. Mahabharata also depicts the story of the five Pandava brothers who were unjustly deprived of their kingdom by their cousins, the kauravas, and of the great battle of Kurukshetra that established the victory of the Pandavas after much suffering and bloodshed. The Mahabharata also describes Krishna’s role as the Charioteer of Arjuna during the battle of Kurukshetra, and his conversation on the battlefield constitutes the text of the Bhagavad-Gita, the celebrated philosophical work. Thus, it is clear that by the time of Mahabharata, the arts of music and dance developed sufficient content, form, style to be taught in a systematic order. The training also seems to be elaborate with rules and regulations. Natyashastra is an encyclopedic work having 36 chapters and it deals with various topics such as the first 3 chapters deal with the origin of Natya, construction of theatre, Rangapooja, etc. , 4th and 5th chapters deal with the varieties of Dance. The 6th and 7th deal with Rasa and Bhava. From the 8th chapter of the 15th one, the different poses of Dance are being dealt with. The different aspects of Abhinaya are described in 15 to 22 and from 22nd to 28th describe the costumes elaborately. The chapters from 28th to 34 deal with music and musical instruments and the last two deal with the different characters and costumes. Natyashastra also describes the divine character and dance of the Nataraja, the dancing Lord Shiva who is considered the king of actors and dancers and also the supreme Lord of Dance. The moon which he adorns in his head is the symbol complete control of his senses. The serpents wound around his body is the proof of his complete control over vital life forces. His foot raised high over the wicked demon, a symbol of victory over the ego. This divine art form is performed by Shiva and his wife Goddess Parvati. The Dance performed Lord Shiva is known as â€Å"Tandava†, which depicts his violent nature as the destructor of the Universe. The Dance performed by Goddess Parvati is known as â€Å"Lasya†, in which the movements are gentle, graceful, erotic and it is also called the feminine version of Tandava. Therefore, according to Kapila Vatsyayan, Bharata attributes to dancing a divine origin, a literary and religious heritage both in thought and technique and aesthetic secular purpose. It has also been mentioned in Natyashastra, how to interpret the different moods of man accompanied by Bhava, Raga and Tal – all directed to create rasa or emotion in the spectators who are called â€Å"Rasikaas†. From the 7th and 8th century, â€Å"Sangeet† occupied a prominent place in the society. The art of sculptures also made great strides and most of the sculptures depicted various dance poses. Temples were the places of origin whereas the dancers or the priests danced in praise of the Lord enacting various mythological stories. Temples sprang up where the devotees gathered to pray to the Almighty God or hear stories about Him. The Temple connection is well established as can be seen in the art of â€Å"Kathavachakas† who carry on the tradition to this day in the North in the Temple boundaries and in open spaces. With the passage of time, in the medieval period, the Bhakti movement influenced all over India. The vast spiritual empire established by Vaishnavism in the North embraces life in its totality. The fine arts found a fuller expression by the 15th and the 16th centuries A. D. Literature, music, dance, painting and other fine arts flourished with the patronage extended by the temples, priests and devotees. In particular the Rasa Lilas in Braj and the neighbouring areas of Mathura in the North sustained the tradition that centered round Vishnu and his recognization as Krishna. The Bhakti movement inspired a whole new school of poetry, dance and music. Krishna and radha are the presiding deities of Vaishnavism and it was on the basis of Leelas of Krishna that precious and distinctive art heritage of Vaishnavism was built up. Mirabai, Surdas and Tulsidas for e. g. wrote powerful devotional verses on longing and separation, expressing the yearning of the human soul for union with God. They chosen the themes was the love of radha for krishna. Krishna Leela though brought out in high relief by Vaishnavism but it had its origin in the past and it can be traced easily to the periods of Mahabharata and Bhasa. In Braj, the Rasa lila’s developed as a combination of music, dance and narration that was used to enact the Krishna Legends – especially the Radha-Krishna idea and stories of Krishna’s youth with the gopis or milkmaids. Hence, the earliest compositions in kathak were based on the religious and stylised music of North India, notably the Dhrupad, Keertan, Hori, Dhamar, Pad and Bhajan. According to Mohan Khokar, Keertans are similar style to dhrupad, but they may, unlike the latter, also be sung in chorus. Keertan is a spiritual practice belonging to the path of Bhakti (devotion). Keertan more specifically means the chanting of sacred sounds or mantras. The Rasa Lila miracle plays of Braj were formerly staged to the accompaniment of keertan music only. Keertans were meant both for singing and dancing. Whereas Bhajans are strictly devotional songs and are in praise of deities such as Krishna, Shiva, Rama, Ganesha, Durga, etc. The songs are rendered in ragas, but improvised tunes are also freely used. Stories and episodes from scriptures, the teachings of saints and description of Gods have all been the subject of Bhajan. Bhajans of Mirabai, Tulsidas, Surdas, Kabir, the Ashtachhap poets and other composers are a part of kathak repertoire. Some of the Famous Bhajans of Mirabai is the following: â€Å"Baso more nanun mein nandlal, Mor mukut makrakrit kundal, arun tilak diyo bhal, Mohni murat – saavari surat, naina bane bisaal, Adhar sudha – ras murli rajat, ur baijanti maal. Chhudra ghantika kati tat sobhit, nupur sabad rasaal, Mira’ prabhu santan sukhdai, bhagat – bachhal gopal† With the advent of the Mughals, the Hindustani music underwent a drastic change. The stylised music absorbed the Mughal influence in a remarkable manner. The dancers moved from the temple courtyard to the palace dubar and this necessitated changes in presentation as Muslim kings could not enjoy the bhava of Bhakti Rasa. Kathak received encouragement at the hands of Nawabs and Rajas. Whereas formerly it was religious and devotional in mood and temperament, now it turned into a means of entertainment. The forms like Thumri, Dadra, Ghazal evolved and became a part of the Hindustani music. The word â€Å"Thumri† has been derived from a combination of two terms i. e. ‘thumak’ (or the chaal) and ‘rijhana’ (or to please). Thus, together meaning graceful stamping of the foot. Thumri is a verse that has Krishna and Radha or Krishna and Gopi’s as its central theme. It is essentially based on the divine romance portraying both aspects of separation and union. The last Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah was an accomplished dancer and musician. He composed thumries in classical style and these were sung by the kathak dancers. His contemporaries and the court musicians like Kadarpiya, Akhtar Piya, Lallan Piya, Sikandar Piya and others contributed to its popularity. Although he was a muslim, he liked the Radha-Krishna themes. He himself presented a dance on the Rasa Lila which he called ‘Rahas’. His famous thumries are the following: â€Å"Babul mora nehar chhuto jaye, Chaar kahar mil, doliya uthave, Apna begana chhuto jaye. † Another Thumri: â€Å"Jab chod chale lucknow nagri, Tab hale ‘ali’ par kya guzri, Mahal mahal mein begum rove, Jab hum guzre duniya guzri. † According to PeterLamarche Manuel, Bindadin Maharaj is regarded as one of the most important figures in the development of Thumri as well as Kathak. The kathak Masters Bindadin and his brother Kalka Prasad composed Thumries that were suitable for kathak dancing. Some of the famous Thumri of Bindadin Maharaj is the following: â€Å"Mohe chhedo na, nand ki suno challa, Badi der bhai, ghar jane de mohe.

Eulers Totient Theorem

Eulers Totient Theorem Summary   Ã‚   Euler Totient theorem is a generalized form of Fermats Little theory. As such, it solely depends on Fermats Little Theorem as indicated in Eulers study in 1763 and, later in 1883, the theorem was named after him by J. J. Sylvester. According to Sylvester, the theorem is basically about the alteration in similarity. The term Totient was derived from Quotient, hence, the function deals with division, but in a unique way. In this manner, The Eulers Totient function à Ã¢â‚¬   for any integer (n) can be demarcated, as the figure of positive integers is not greater than and co-prime to n. aà Ã¢â‚¬  (n) = 1 (mod n) Based on Leonhard Eulers contributions toward the development of this theorem, the theory was named after him despite the fact that it was a generalization of Fermats Little Theory in which n is identified to be prime. Based on this fact, some scholarly source refers to this theorem as the Fermats-Euler theorem of Eulers generalization. Introduction I first developed an interest in Euler when I was completing a listener crossword; the concealed message read Euler was the master of the crossword. When I first saw the inclusion of the name Euler on the list of prompt words, I had no option but to just go for it. Euler was a famous mathematician in the eighteenth century, who was acknowledged for his contribution in the mathematics discipline, as he was responsible for proving numerous problems and conjectures. Taking the number theory as an example, Euler successively played a vital role in proving the two-square theorem as well as the Fermats little theorem (Griffiths and Peter 81). His contribution also paved the way to proving the four-square theorem. Therefore, in this course project, I am going to focus on his theory, which is not known to many; it is a generalization of Fermats little theorem that is commonly known as Eulers theorem. Theorem Eulers Totient theorem holds that if a and n are coprime positive integers, then since ÃŽÂ ¦n is a Eulers Totient function. Eulers Totient Function Eulers Totient Function (ÃŽÂ ¦n) is the count of positive integers that are less that n and relatively prime to n. For instance, ÃŽÂ ¦10 is 4, since there are four integers, which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10: 1, 3, 7, 9. Consequently, ÃŽÂ ¦11 is 10, since there 11 prime numbers which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10. The same way, ÃŽÂ ¦6 is 2 as 1 and 5 are relatively prime to 6, but 2, 3, and 4 are not. The following table represents the totients of numbers up to twenty. N ÃŽÂ ¦n 2 1 3 2 4 2 5 4 6 2 7 6 8 4 9 6 10 4 11 10 12 4 13 12 14 6 15 8 16 8 17 16 18 6 19 18 20 8 Some of these examples seek to prove Eulers totient theorem. Let n = 10 and a = 3. In this case, 10 and 3 are co-prime i.e. relatively prime. Using the provided table, it is clear that ÃŽÂ ¦10 = 4. Then this relation can also be represented as follows: 34 = 81 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mode 10). Conversely, if n = 15 and a = 2, it is clear that 28 = 256 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod 15). Fermats Little Theory According to Liskov (221), Eulers Totient theorem is a simplification of Fermats little theorem and works with every n that are relatively prime to a. Fermats little theorem only works for a and p that are relatively prime. a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod p) or a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) where p itself is prime. It is, therefore, clear that this equation fits in the Eulers Totient theorem for every prime p, as indicated in ÃŽÂ ¦p, where p is a prime and is given by p-1. Therefore, to prove Eulers theorem, it is vital to first prove Fermats little theorem. Proof to Fermats Little Theorem As earlier indicated, the Fermats little theorem can be expressed as follows: ap à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) taking two numbers: a and p, that are relatively prime, where p is also prime. The set of a {a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(p-1)a}à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(i) Consider another set of number {1, 2, 3, 4, 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(p-1a)}à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(ii) If one decides to take the modulus for p, each element of the set (i) will be congruent to an item in the second set (ii). Therefore, there will be one on one correspondence between the two sets. This can be proven as lemma 1. Consequently, if one decides to take the product of the first set, that is {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } as well as the product of the second set as {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)}. It is clear that both of these sets are congruent to one another; that is, each element in the first set matches another element in the second set (Liskov 221). Therefore, the two sets can be represented as follows: {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). If one takes out the factor a p-1 from the left-hand side (L.H.S), the resultant equation will be Ap-1 {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). If the same equation is divided by {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} when p is prime, one will obtain a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) or a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod p) It should be clear that each element in the first set should correspond to another element in the second set (elements of the set are congruent). Even though this is not obvious at the first step, it can still be proved through three logical steps as follows: Each element in the first set should be congruent to one element in the second set; this implies that none of the elements will be congruent to 0, as pand a are relatively prime. No two numbers in the first set can be labeled as ba or ca. If this is done, some elements in the first set can be the same as those in the second set. This would imply that two numbers are congruent to each other i.e. ba à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ ca (mod p), which would mean that b à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ c (mod p) which is not true mathematically, since both the element are divergent and less than p. An element in the first set can not be congruent to two numbers in the second set, since a number can only be congruent to numbers that differ by multiple of p. Through these three rules, one can prove Fermats Little Theorem. Proof of Eulers Totient Theorem Since the Fermats little theorem is a special form of Eulers Totient theorem, it follows that the two proofs provided earlier in this exploration are similar, but slight adjustments need to be made to Fermats little theorem to justify Eulers Totient theorem (KrÃÅ'Å’iÃÅ' zÃÅ'Å’ek 97). This can be done by using the equation a ÃŽÂ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n) where the two numbers, a and n, are relatively prime, with the set of figures N, which are relatively prime to n {1, n1. n2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n }. This set is likely to have ÃŽÂ ¦n element, which is defined by the number of the relatively prime number to n. In the same way, in the second set aN, each and every element is a product of a as well as an element of N {a, an1, an2, an3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦anÃŽÂ ¦n}. Each element of the set aN must be congruent to another element in the set N (mode n) as noted by the earlier three rules. Therefore, each element of the two sets will be congruent to each other (Giblin 111). In this scenario case, it can be said that: {a x an1 x an2 x an3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. an ÃŽÂ ¦n } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {a x   n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } (mod n). By factoring out a and aÃŽÂ ¦n from the left-hand side, one can obtain the following equation a ÃŽÂ ¦n {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n} à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } (mod n) If this obtained equation is divided by {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } from both sides, all the elements in the two sets will be relatively prime. The obtained equation will be as follows: a ÃŽÂ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n) Application of the Eulers Theorem Unlike other Eulers works in the number theory like the proof for the two-square theorem and the four-square theorem, the Eulers totient theorem has real applications across the globe. The Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem are commonly used in decryption and encryption of data, especially in the RSA encryption systems, which protection resolves around big prime numbers (Wardlaw 97). Conclusion In summary, this theorem may not be Eulers most well-designed piece of mathematics; my favorite theorem is the two-square theorem by infinite descent. Despite this, the theorem seems to be a crucial and important piece of work, especially for that time. The number theory is still regarded as the most useful theory in mathematics nowadays. Through this proof, I have had the opportunity to connect some of the work I have earlier done in discrete mathematics as well as sets relation and group options. Indeed, these two options seem to be among the purest sections of mathematics that I have ever studied in mathematics. However, this exploration has enabled me to explore the relationship between Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem. I have also applied knowledge from one discipline to the other which has broadened my view of mathematics. Works Cited Giblin, P J. Primes, and Programming: An Introduction to Number Theory with Computing. Cambridge UP, 1993. Print. Griffiths, H B, and Peter J. Hilton. A Comprehensive Textbook of Classical Mathematics: A Contemporary Interpretation. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1970. Print. KrÃÅ'Å’iÃÅ' zÃÅ'Å’ek, M., et al. 17 Lectures on Fermat Numbers: From Number Theory to Geometry. Springer, 2001. Print. Liskov, Moses. Fermats Little Theorem. Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, pp. 221-221. Wardlaw, William P. Eulers Theorem for Polynomials. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. Print.

The Perseverance of Odysseus Essay -- The Odyssey, by Homer

In the epic poem, The Odyssey, by Homer, Odysseus goes through many trials while trying to return home from the Trojan War. On his voyage home, he must visit the Land of the Dead, evade the Sirens, Scylla and Charybdis and when he does arrive home, participate in a tricky reunion with his wife, Penelope. All of these examples show that Odysseus has extreme determination and perseverance. Perseverance is an excellent quality that few possess which can spark achievement. In the â€Å"Land of the Dead†, Odysseus has to make a complicated potion to bring out the profit Teiresias. While waiting for Teiresias to come, he has to hold back the ghosts of the dead. While holding them back, he sees his dead mother. Odysseus did not know she was dead, and grieved, but still held her off to accomplish his obligations. While in the land of the dead, he sees his fallen shipmate, Elpenor. Elpenor tells him that he must backtrack back to Aeaea Island to bury his body and give him an honorable funeral. Odysseus promises to do this and he later does. The strength that he has to hold back ... The Perseverance of Odysseus Essay -- The Odyssey, by Homer In the epic poem, The Odyssey, by Homer, Odysseus goes through many trials while trying to return home from the Trojan War. On his voyage home, he must visit the Land of the Dead, evade the Sirens, Scylla and Charybdis and when he does arrive home, participate in a tricky reunion with his wife, Penelope. All of these examples show that Odysseus has extreme determination and perseverance. Perseverance is an excellent quality that few possess which can spark achievement. In the â€Å"Land of the Dead†, Odysseus has to make a complicated potion to bring out the profit Teiresias. While waiting for Teiresias to come, he has to hold back the ghosts of the dead. While holding them back, he sees his dead mother. Odysseus did not know she was dead, and grieved, but still held her off to accomplish his obligations. While in the land of the dead, he sees his fallen shipmate, Elpenor. Elpenor tells him that he must backtrack back to Aeaea Island to bury his body and give him an honorable funeral. Odysseus promises to do this and he later does. The strength that he has to hold back ...

The Role And Functions Of New Zealand Government Essay -- essays resea

The New Zealand Government has made significant changes to the economy throughout the last 15 years. The operation and organisation of business activity in New Zealand has been affected by this changing economy. All aspects of the New Zealand Government have been altered. The reason for this change was to improve the performance by being more efficient. The key reforms are privatisation and corporatisation of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and restructuring government agencies. The most significant change was the election of the Labour Party in 1984, which ended the Muldoon Administration. At this time, New Zealand was in a rut because of poor economic management by the previous Government. Unemployment was high in 1983 and still climbing, real GDP was only 1.15 between 1976 and 1984, and international debt was at 41% of GDP in 1984. The United Kingdom (the major New Zealand export market) had join the European Union in 1973, and since had to endorse a quota where they could only import a certain number on overseas products. Under the National Government, New Zealand was close to self-sufficiency because the government refused to import products from overseas. The public were to losers in this situation as there were a limited number of products offered for sale, and they were also quite expensive too. This called for some desperate transformation. When the Labour Party was elected under David Lange, they immediately changed the sectors that they thought needed urgent attention. They were Capital Markets, Financial, Industry, and International Trade. Other reforms occurred in 1985 (Monetary), 1986 (Tax and Corporatisation), 1988 (Privatisation), 1989 (Public Expenditure), 1990 (Labour Market), and 1991 (Resource Management and Social Services). In fact all state sectors underwent some sort of alteration at some stage. The period from 1984 – 1994 was dubbed â€Å"a period of radical change.† These reforms occurred simultaneously and some are still being refined now. From 1995 onwards there was a second period of â€Å"slower paced evolutionary† activity. (1999, OECD Government Reform) The key idea in the reform process was to â€Å"roll back the state† – in other words focus more on what a government should do which is, governing the people. Defining a government’s core business can be difficult because in every country it is different, even in New Zealand. It is also d... ... the long run. Bibliography Bollard, Allan, Lattimore, and Silverstone (1996). Chapter one in A Study of Economic Reform: The Case of New Zealand. Elsevier Science Publications. Boston, J et al, (1996) Public Management: The New Zealand Model. Chapter three: The Framework of Government and the Evolution of the Public Sector. Oxford University Press. Clarke. L (March 2000) Face The Nation. Television New Zealand Ltd. New Zealand Employment Relations Service (October 2000). â€Å"The Employment Relations Act 2000 and Good Faith† Pamphlet of the NZ Department of Labour. New Zealand Country Paper (1999). Government Reform: Of Roles and Functions of Government and Public Administration. OECD New Zealand Employment Relations Law (2000) Overview [Online] Available: <a href="http://www.executive.govt.nz/era/erl_over.htm">http://www.executive.govt.nz/era/erl_over.htm [2001, April 29] Palmer, G. and Palmer, M. (1997) Bridled Power: New Zealand Government Under MMP. Chapter one: The Changing System of New Zealand Government. Auckland: Oxford University Press. TV3 (March 2000) 3 News, Television 3 and 4 Network Services Ltd. TVNZ (March 2000). One News. Television New Zealand Ltd.

Muslim Women Essay

The more and more I study about Muslim Women and the obstacles they face, I become angered. In writing this paper, I’ve found that there is no substantial evidence in any Muslim or Islamic writings that states that women should be treated as slaves or insubordinates. Women are to be respected, protected, and loved; no matter what religion or color they may be. So, my paper will focus on these three things, but the lack of it. What is the definition of respect? Respect is a positive feeling of esteem or deference for a person or other entity. When you respect a person, you will show it through actions and deeds; without any conjuring. I’ve noticed that Muslim women aren’t respected too well within their own religion. The Sharia Law is the moral code and religious law of Islam which deals with many topics such as prayer, fasting, diet, sexual intercourse, hygiene, etc. It is considered the infallible law of God; there is no human interpretation. The two sources of this law are the Quran and Mohammed; the last source is part of the human interpretation that many state the Quran doesn’t possess. According to the Sharia, women aren’t equal to men unless it is in religious duties such as prayer, fasting, and making hajj. Contrary to what most Muslim men believe, a woman is not created for the purpose of a Muslim man. Rather, they are both created for each other. They are to help, support, and cleave to one another through their life and Islamic religion. Some Muslim men have taken the Quran and made it to be a falsity to their perception and added to it. This addition has caused many Muslim women to be disrespected and abused. Many Islamic religions are filled with much domestic violence. Take Bibi Aisha’s case, her husband was part of the Taliban and she never had a chance to see him. During his time away, her in-laws beat her, tortured her, and made her sleep with the livestock. The abuse became too much, so Bibi ran away, but her father returned her back to her in-laws. Due to her disappearance, her husband returned and he proceeded to torture her in front of the community by removing her ear and nose. She was left in the desert to bleed to death. She ran to her uncle’s house and he turned her away, but her father-in-law took her to the Americans (military) where they tended to her wounds and protected her. You can find her picture on my blog for this class. When I see her, I see a woman of strength and perseverance. It’s said to say, but this incident which brought her much pain, seems to have blessed her. It is because of the mutilation of her face that she is free and in a better place. It is well known within the Islamic culture that domestic abuse is hardly unique. Many Muslim women deal with this atrocity daily, due to the thoughts of Muslim men. Most Muslim males believe that Muslim women are slaves or property. Most husbands believe its right to beat their wives and treat her with disdain. An often-quoted verse in the Quran says a husband may chastise a disobedient wife, but this is open to several interpretations. What is the definition of protection and love? Protection is to cover or shield from exposure, injury, damage, or destruction and love is a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. I can’t say that I see these actions practiced within the Muslim culture. If anything, Muslim women are caused to feel scared, unsafe, unprotected, and abused. The most common form of abuse is emotional and mental abuse. This can include verbal threats, intimidation, neglect, extreme jealousy and possessiveness. The worse of the two is the mental abuse which causes severe psychological harm. It destroys her self-esteem, self-worth, and causes many to have nervous breakdowns and become suicidal. Some of the factors that make Muslim men abusive Muslim women are: 1. Economic hardship, political oppression experienced outside the U.S., problems with the children, or an inferiority complex. 2. Some Muslim men accept the idea that it’s normal for a man to hit his wife and that she is no more than a piece of his property. 3. It’s generational; habits are picked up after watching their own fathers abuse their mothers. 4. Some abuse their wives because they want them to be more â€Å"modern† and less Islamic. SO they have their wives remove their hijab (Islamic dress), while others turn to abuse in order to keep their wives traditional; which is the exact opposite of the former. In a marriage, the Quran is very clear on procedures in discipline for Islamic wives. First, there’s peaceful discussion between the two about the problem and resolutions. If this doesn’t work, the next step is for the husband to be more stern and focused. If the disobedience persists from the wife, the husband will leave the bed which is a form of punishment for not only the wife, but also the husband. If that doesn’t work, then other family members will become involved and try to help in resolving the issues and being fair to both parties. This is not totally true because the Muslim religion is male dominated and gender-controlled. The males within the family will be the first and last to define choices of resolution. Remember, Muslim women really don’t have rights. Whether it’s within their family, job, mosque, or society. There is no balance when it comes to gender or to resolving life’s issues in the Muslim culture. During this whole process, Muslim women keep quiet due to feelings of depression and hopelessness. They began to feel like no one will help them and they are constantly aware of their co-dependence to their husbands. Financial independence is something that is always in the forefront of their minds, but it’s always tainted by the images of control in the Muslim culture. So, they make a decision to stay in bondage to keep their homes, children, and the love of their husbands; the latter is questionable. Some Muslim women see the abuse as a fact of life and learn to live with it. So, what does the abuse and control have to do with Women’s Studies? Well, throughout the class we focused on many different types of situations that involved women; whether good or bad. The control and abuse that is present in the Muslim culture reminds of gender prejudice and gender discrimination. Both are one in the same, but speak of different influences. Gender prejudice is a belief that women are the weaker of the sexes emotionally and physically and must be protected from the world outside. I know that males are expected to be the providers and to dominate the decision making in the home, but there sh ould still be some form of balance. Balance is needed in everything; whether it’s life, work, or play. We all need to have a sense of structure or rules, but there must be a state of adjustment. In reviewing gender discrimination, you will find prejudicial treatment based upon groups or individuals due to their gender or sex; there is no protection factor involved. Gender discrimination can affect both men and women, but women are usually at the receiving end, since most cultures in the world are patriarchal and male-dominated. This isn’t a far cry for religions because mostly all religions are male-dominated. You will find women aren’t seen as being equal to men within the scope of religion. It is partly due to how man has interpreted their religious readings or scriptures, and twisted it to be a form of evil and disdain. Yes, there are places within scripture that speak of women being unclean due to their monthly or being untouchable after childbirth. But is it because the woman is evil, or is it a form of protection for her and anyone that she may come into contact with? All in all, I see the Islamic religion as being so gender biased that it causes me to become angered. This religion seems to prevent Muslim women from nurturing their true identity and blossoming into women of self-worth and self-esteem. Hiding one’s face can make a person feel unworthy and disconnected. It’s a joy to feel positive about yourself and who you are. Being able to feel good about your looks and your body can be very uplifting to the psyche and soul. What puts a damper on that? Having a father, brother, husband, or any male to make you feel that your very essence is despicable and dirty. Hopefully, in the 21st century, things will change and get better. Until then, it’s up to us to become more aware of the many differences of cultures and religions. These differences could cause or society to become cold, unloving, and aloof. I don’t believe our world should be this way. If anything, love should prevail and the worship of a power stronger than you should cause you to love everyone even the more. Bibliography Roald, Anne S. (2001). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. Routledge. Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi, ed. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Brill Academic Publishers. â€Å"Women and Violence.† Welcome to the United Nations: It’s Your World. United Nations Department of Public Information, Feb. 1996. Web. 07 Dec. 2011 â€Å"American Muslim Women Unveil, and Explain Why: NPR.† NPR: National Public Radio. 19 Oct. 2011. Muslim Clerics on the Religious Rulings Regarding Wife-Beating. Jihad Watch. 15 Nov. 2011.

Blaine Kitchenware Inc. Essay

To review Blaine Kitchenware Inc.’s (BKI) current debt, equity and leverage levels with respect to the highly advisable repurchase of 14 million shares of stock at $18.50 per share and the related, necessary financing. BKI is currently highly over-liquid and under-levered. The firm can anticipate elevated tax rates due to the lack of debt held. BKI has also experienced falling earnings per share (EPS) due to the over issuing of stock. Similarly the large quantity of outstanding shares of stock has led to below average returns to shareholders and a return on equity (ROE) below the competitors’ ROEs. BKI can offset these downward trends by increasing leverage—i.e. increasing debt—and reversing the dilutive acquisitions. BKI is highly recommended to obtain a 25 year loan of $50 million at 6.75% with which to repurchase 14 million of its outstanding shares of stock at the price of $18.50 per share, $2.25 above current stock price. Balance Sheet Impact As shown below, under the appendix, the pro forma balance sheet demonstrates forecasted values if BKI continues without action to increase leverage and decrease outstanding stock. BKI can expect to have $ 510,624,920.99 in stockholders’ equity and $ 96,011,793.33 in cash and cash equivalents on which BKI will be liable at a 40% tax rate, significantly higher than previous fiscal years. Based on trends from 2004-2006, BKI can predict increases in current asset accounts and marginal decreases in fixed asset accounts. Without the pursuit of repurchase and increased debt, BKI’s current liabilities accounts will also experience marginal increases while other liabilities and deferred taxes decrease and long term debt remains at zero. Furthermore, before the repurchase of stock, BKI’s equity accounts may continue to increase. Applying the repurchase strategy to calculated three year trends, BKI’s forecasted balance sheet accounts have significantly lower cash and cash equivalent account, increased market securities, accounts receivables, inventory, and other current assets accounts. Fixed assets are expected to decrease based on three year trends while current liabilities increase. The repurchase will require financing which will be attained through a 25 year fixed rate loan of 50 million. At the end of the first year term, BKI will have long term debt of 50 million minus first year principal component of $819,345.59 equaling $ 49,180,654.41. Other liabilities and deferred taxes however, may decrease marginally. In addition, with the repurchase of 14 million shares, stockholders’ equity is expected to decrease to $ 251,624,920.99 from $488,363,000.00 in 2006. Income Statement Impact Three year trends suggest BKI will have increased revenue, increased cost of goods sold, thus elevated gross profits, rising selling, general, and administrative costs, and decreased depreciation and amortization expenses. Overall, trends indicate earnings before interest and taxes may be higher than 2006 EBIT. Without the stock repurchase strategy, BKI may experience tax expense of $ 34,922,882.71 as opposed to tax expense amounting to $ 29,355,346.62 (calculated using 2007 federal income tax brackets as shown under appendix below) if BKI undergoes the stock repurchase strategy. Without undergoing the stock repurchase plan, BKI will have no interest expense and net income of $ 52,384,324.06. BKI will have dividend expense of $29,230,740.00. By undergoing the stock repurchase, BKI will earn net income of $54,576,860.15 which takes into account the interest expense of $3,375,000.00 associated with the loan to finance the stock repurchase. Impact on financial ratios Operating performance impact ROE: BKI’s return on equity ratio currently below average and below competitors’ will continue to drop based on the firm’s performance trends in the last three years to a 10% level. The anticipated ROE with the stock repurchase plan is 22%, third highest ROE, and while not quite above the industry average, sufficiently above the industry median. EPS: Earnings per share is expected to increase to $1.21 with the stock repurchase plan while if the plan is forgone, BKI can anticipate earning a mere $0.89 per share outstanding. An EPS of $0.89 is lower than the firm’s historical EPS and unappealing to future investors. Leverage: Leverage will increase overall after the stock repurchase and withdrawal of the $50 million bank loan. As shown below, debt ratio increases with the addition of the long term debt which drives up total liabilities with respect to total assets. Long term debt to total capitalization increases as well as debt to equity since BKI will have a long term debt significantly higher than its stockholders’ equity suggesting long term debt is used for permanent financing. Interest Coverage: After the stock repurchase, BKI can cover its interest expense over 20 times with the operating profit earned based on the times interest earned ratio. Expected Cost of Financial Distress BKI may have concerns with financial distress and guaranteeing that all operational costs are covered when leverage is increased. The cost of financial distress for BKI is determined by subtracting the BKI’s weighted cost of debt, 5.22% from the the rate of interest paid by firms that are not in financial distress in the same industry, based on Moody’s AAA rating is 5.88%. This results in a 0.66% cost of financial distress or $100,452,019.96 after the stock repurchase and $ 67,992,788.05 before the stock repurchase.

E-government and E-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

E-government and E-business - Essay Example That doesn't, of course mean that all the organizations have adopted the e-business models. But beneath the surface, a lot has happened. Computers have been playing much more major role than sheer word processing or computational devices. Today, many managers look at it as an effective communication tool. With the advent of the Internet, the clerks in the companies exchange e-mails with remote suppliers, ordering goods via electronic catalogues and tracking those orders through the whole procurement cycle (Feng Li, 2006). The essential features of e-business are: Scholars generally view e-business and e-government as two phenomena that are quite similar in nature, yet occur independently to one another. Apparently, the two are generally studied separately, though using a common background concerning research methods. Research has also begun suggest that e-business and e-government are related, and therefore should to be studied together. These aspects become much more important and helpful during winds of economic change as they help in improving the economy of the country. As a matter of fact, partnerships between public and private entities have in many instances become key instruments in enabling the development of the region capable of sustaining the local economy by stimulating innovation and fostering greater efficiency within industry. They have also played instrumental roles in eliminating the various ills plaguing the region like the unemployment.Historically, it was in Chile that a real e-governance initiative was taken up in 1972 when IT services were unheard of in those days and were very limited in business. They used IT techniques not just to make paperless offices but also to perform government work efficiently. (Roland, 2003) It is a well-known fact that the advent of e-governance has helped in bridging the gap between the Governments and the public. In the developed nations wherein almost everyone has access to the Internet at very nominal rates, this has been declared a huge success. While certain privileged sections of the society get to avail e-governance and get closer to the government, the threat of the under-privileged, uneducated people distancing themselves from the government cannot be ruled out. However, the major challenge lies in implementing this in the underdeveloped and the developing areas where few people have access to the Internet and major portion of them do not know how to access the Internet. A possible solution for this problem, which can be conceived, is setting up of centers specifically for people to enable performing transactions with the Government with little or no effort. Trained people must be allowed to run these centers, under the supervision of the Government. (J.Sathy anarayana, 2004) Hence, we can sum up the properties of e-governance as follows Integrates the networks of all the government depts., thus, giving the user a platform